Planetz

This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see Planet (disambiguation).
Top row: Uranus, Neptune; Centre row: Earth, white dwarf star Sirius B, Venus (to scale); Bottom row: see below

Top row: Mars and Mercury; bottom row: the Moon, dwarf planets Pluto and Haumea (to scale)

A planet (from Greek πλανήτης, alternative form of πλάνης "wanderer") is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.[a][1][2]

The term planet is ancient, with ties to history, science, mythology, and religion. The planets were originally seen by many early cultures as divine, or as emissaries of the gods. As scientific knowledge advanced, human perception of the planets changed, incorporating a number of disparate objects. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This definition has been both praised and criticized, and remains disputed by some scientists.

The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit the Earth in deferent and epicycle motions. Though the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times, it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations, performed by Galileo Galilei. By careful analysis of the observation data, Johannes Kepler found the planets' orbits to be not circular, but elliptical. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, the planets rotated around tilted axes, and some share such features as ice-caps and seasons. Since the dawn of the Space Age, close observation by probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology.

Since 1992, through the discovery of hundreds of planets around other stars, called extrasolar planets, scientists are beginning to understand that planets throughout the Milky Way Galaxy share characteristics with those in our Solar System. As of April 2010, there are 452 known extrasolar planets, ranging from the size of gas giants to that of terrestrial planets.[3]

Planets are generally divided into two main types: large, low-density gas giants, and smaller, rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Apart from the planets, the Solar System also contains at least five dwarf planets[4] and hundreds of thousands of small solar system bodies. With the exception of Mercury and Venus, all planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.





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Planet adalah benda langit yang memiliki ciri-ciri berikut:

* mengorbit mengelilingi bintang atau sisa-sisa bintang;
* mempunyai massa yang cukup untuk memiliki gravitasi tersendiri agar dapat mengatasi tekanan rigid body sehingga benda angkasa tersebut mempunyai bentuk kesetimbangan hidrostatik (bentuk hampir bulat);
* tidak terlalu besar hingga dapat menyebabkan fusi termonuklir terhadap deuterium di intinya; dan,
* telah "membersihkan lingkungan" (clearing the neighborhood; mengosongkan orbit agar tidak ditempati benda-benda angkasa berukuran cukup besar lainnya selain satelitnya sendiri) di daerah sekitar orbitnya

Berdasarkan definisi di atas, maka dalam sistem Tata Surya terdapat delapan planet. Hingga 24 Agustus 2006, sebelum Persatuan Astronomi Internasional (International Astronomical Union = IAU) mengumumkan perubahan pada definisi "planet" sehingga seperti yang tersebut di atas, terdapat sembilan planet termasuk Pluto, bahkan benda langit yang belakangan juga ditemukan sempat dianggap sebagai planet baru, seperti: Ceres, Sedna, Orcus, Xena, Quaoar, UB 313. Pluto, Ceres dan UB 313 kini berubah statusnya menjadi "planet kerdil/katai."

Planet diambil dari kata dalam bahasa Yunani Asteres Planetai yang artinya Bintang Pengelana. Dinamakan demikian karena berbeda dengan bintang biasa, Planet dari waktu ke waktu terlihat berkelana (berpindah-pindah) dari rasi bintang yang satu ke rasi bintang yang lain. Perpindahan ini (pada masa sekarang) dapat dipahami karena planet beredar mengelilingi matahari. Namun pada zaman Yunani Kuno yang belum mengenal konsep heliosentris, planet dianggap sebagai representasi dewa di langit. Pada saat itu yang dimaksud dengan planet adalah tujuh benda langit: Matahari, Bulan, Merkurius, Venus, Mars, Jupiter dan Saturnus. Astronomi modern menghapus Matahari dan Bulan dari daftar karena tidak sesuai definisi yang berlaku sekarang. Sebelumnya, planet-planet anggota galaksi Bimasakti ada 9, Merkurius, Venus, Bumi, Mars, Jupiter/Yupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Neptunus, dan Pluto. Namun, tanggal 26 Agustus 2006, para ilmuwan sepakat untuk mengeluarkan Pluto dari galaksi Bimasakti sehingga jumlah planet pada galaksi Bimasakti jumlahnya ada 8.